Nanocoating Techniques of Thin Films: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Thin films are crucial nanostructures that form the essential foundation for innovations in electronics, energy, catalysis, and biomedicine. Their fabrication technique directly influences their morphology, crystallinity, and function, determining device performance. This review focuses on thin film deposition and fabrication techniques, providing a comparative overview of the significance of nanomaterials and their associated synthesis procedures, including physical vapor deposition PVD, chemical vapor deposition CVD, solution-based deposition SBD, hydrothermal processing, and green synthesis. The surface properties and efficiencies of materials significantly influence their performance, as supported by comparative tables and schematics. Metallic thin film forming chemicals, such as chalcogenide precursors, are used in cutting edge applications in various fields. Applications in solar energy, catalysis, sensing, biomedicine, optoelectronics, solar cells, selective solar coatings, solid state solar cells, photochemical solar cells, photoconductors, optical imaging, holographic recording, and all optical storage systems are mentioned. These applications can be attained by modifying surfaces with coatings to fabricate thin films. The current challenges, such as environmental concerns, reproducibility, and scalability, are identified, while offering a viewpoint on hybrid approaches and green nanotechnology.