Structural Complexity of Folds in the Zagros Simple Folded Zone-northeast Iraq

Abstract

This paper examines the structural complexity of the Zagros Simple Folded Zone (ZSFZ), which covers northeast Iraq, with a significant major emphasis on geological units and fold morphology, as well as tectonic deformation processes occurring in that region. The Zagros Mountain Belt, which covers a large portion of northeast Iraq, formed as a result of plate convergence between Arabia and Eurasia.

The study area, which shows different fold styles such as symmetrical, asymmetrical, overturned, and fault propagation folds, depending upon lithology contrast or tectonic stress, is an arc-shaped region in the Kurdistan Region. Seismic reflection data were analyzed for subsurface information, which shows that the Foothill Zone, where most of the studied anticlines are found, shows structural control by various thrust faults, decollement planes, and episodes of back thrusting.

Important anticlines like Chamchamal, Dari, Qara Dagh, Pulkhana, and Chia Surkh were individually studied for their geometric characteristics and evolutionary development of folds, as well as the effects of major thrusting episodes. It appears from tectonic evolution that existing faults, as well as sediment layers, are of great importance for the development of folds.

This information offers key insight for hydrocarbon exploration, pinpointing structural elements of a trap as well as underground features that increase reservoir capacities. Knowledge about deformation processes in the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt improves models for geophysical exploration. This work stresses that it is crucial to combine information about seismic studies, fieldwork, and structural geology to acquire a profound understanding of its tectonic settings.