JOURNAL OF UNIVERSITY OF BABYLON for Pure and Applied Sciences
JOURNAL of UNIVERSITY of BABYLON for Pure and Applied Sciences, (JUBPAS) is an official journal of the University of Babylon for Pure and Applied Sciences in Iraq established in 1995. JUBPAS is a scientific peer-reviewed open access journal publishing high-quality research and review papers at the forefront of modern research describing significant developments in Pure and Applied Sciences. Online ISSN: 2312-8135 Print ISSN: 1992-0652
Gap analysis between actual compliance and ISO14001:2015 requirements (Case study in The General Company for Vegetable Oil Industry.)
Background: Environmental management systems (EMS) enable organizations to manage their environmental impacts. Globalization has increased the need for organizations to engage in environmental sustainability. In developed countries, ISO 14001 provides the basic guidelines for sustainability, but in developing countries, sustainability is still a new concept. Materials and Methods: This research paper aims to emphasize the importance of the Environmental Management System (ISO 14001) as one of the fundamental pillars upon which organizations rely, and to identify the actual level of compliance with its implementation at the General Company for Vegetable Oil Industries, which has obtained ISO 9000 certification. Results The study results summarized that the compliance rate for implementing ISO 14001:201 standard reached (60.5%), and the gap percentage was (39.5%). Conclusion: These results indicate that the company needs to complete its environmental management system in preparation for certification. It still needs to address weaknesses in its environmental management system by focusing more on the responsibilities and authorities of its environmental management, improving planning, support, and operation requirements to ensure improved environmental performance.
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On New Generalizations of Nano-Open Sets in Nano Topological Spaces
This paper focuses on a novel class of. Nano -open sets are known as Nano -open sets, which are related to Nano closed sets in Nano topological spaces. In this paper, we find all forms of the family of Nano -open sets in terms of upper and lower. Approximations of sets and we can easily find Nano -open sets and they are a gate to more study. We also examine the fundamental properties of Nano -open sets and their relationships with other known classes of Nano.و-open sets in*Nano topological spaces, and introduce related operators such as the Nano -limit point and Nano -boundary point and investigate the properties of the operators. We aim to refine the understanding of Nano topological spaces and their potential applications.
A Fractional Cubic Spline Approach for Solving Models of Dynamical System
This article presents a novel numerical approach for solving dynamic system models using fractional cubic splines. The proposed method leverages the smoothness and flexibility of fractional cubic splines to approximate solutions of differential equations. By constructing fractional cubic polynomials, we develop a numerical scheme that ensures high accuracy and stability in capturing the complex behaviors inherent in dynamic systems. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated through numerical experiments on benchmark problems, showcasing its superiority over traditional spline-based techniques in terms of convergence and computational efficiency. The results highlight the potential of fractional cubic splines as a robust tool for the numerical analysis of dynamic systems. MSC 2010 Classifications: 26A33, 11S82, 65Dxx, 97Nxx.
Assessment of Protective Lipid Against Decreased Bone Mineral Density by DEXA Scan for the Lumbar Spine and Lower Extremities.
Background: Using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to assess bone mineral density in the lumbar spine and lower extremities. The percentage of lipid was conducted in the body. While it is acknowledged that lipid profile (triglycerides) can impact bone mineral density and cause protection from osteoporosis, the specifics of this relationship are still unknown. The objective: This study aims to assess sex differences and age in the influence of lipid profiles on bone mineral density (BMD) in the lumbar spine and lower extremities. Method: This study had 170 participants (85 men and 85 women). There were 40 males and 45 females among the patients who reported bone soreness. In addition, 85 seemingly healthy volunteers (45 males and 40 females) were evaluated and regarded to be the control group. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to assess BMD of every participant for lumbar vertebrae and hip structure. Results: Statistically significant differences in BMD-induced protection from osteoporosis were noted between the control group and patients with certain conditions, and between diagnostic lipid profiles. Conclusions: Our findings reveal that patients with hyper lipid exhibited high BMD in both sexes. The research findings indicated that females exhibited a higher prevalence of lipid profile abnormalities compared to males.
Employing HSOFM Neural Network and FCM To Extract Liver's Abnormal Regions In MRI and CT Scan Images
Background: A Liver tumor is a dangerous disease that may leads to death, the chances of survival will increase when it is detected in early time. Materials and Methods: In this study, clustering Fuzzy c-mean and ''Self-Organization Feature Map'', HSOFM, which is an unsupervised artificial neural network, based on the histogram of the image, are presented for segmenting, isolating, and then extracting tumors and other abnormal regions in liver images of MRI and CT imaging. In an additional processing, morphological operations were used to achieve the complete final extraction of the isolated regions without any extra pixels that do not belong to the abnormal regions. These two methods were applied on five MRI and four CT scan images. The extracted regions surface areas were calculated and compared with the groundtruth, manually extracted mass regions, to check the goodness adequacy of the adopted methods. The work was achieved by Mat Lab programing environment. Results: The percent relative differences of the extracted abnormal regions by implementing the adopted methods with the groundtruth were ranged from 1.108 % to 3.861 % for the images of MRI, while for CT scan images, the percent relative differences were in the range from 0.732 % to 3.456%. By implementing FCM clustering, the percent relative difference ranged from 0.724% to 4.370 % for three MRI images, while for CT scan images, the percent relative difference was 4.327 % for one of the adopted CT images. Results of implementing HSOFM indicate the high-quality performance of this method with 95 % accuracy. Conclusion: From the results we can conclude that there is an appropriate number of nodes and clusters that is a more adequate choice than others depending on the properties’ intensity variance in each processed image. The comparison between the two implemented methods figures out the superiority of the HSOFM method over FCM. There are some limitations, such as the small size of the abnormal regions as well as the interference of the abnormal regions with the normal regions of the similar intensity that require applying advanced enhancement methods as an additional preprocessing step.
A Midpoint Quadratic Approach for Solving Numerically Multi-Order Fractional Integro-Differential Equation
Background: This article presents a method for finding numerical solutions to Fredholm integro-differential equations (FIFDEs) with multi-fractional orders of one or less, using a useful algorithm. Materials and Methods: A finite difference approximation to Caputo's derivative using collocation points is used to build the midpoint method for the quadrature rule, which forms the basis of the approach. Results: Our method simplifies the evaluation of treatments by transforming the FIFDEs into algebraic equations with operational matrices. After calculating the Caputo derivative at a specific point using the finite difference method, we use the quadrature method, which includes the midpoint rule, to create a finite difference formula for our fractional equation. Conclusions: Additionally, numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the validity and use of the approach as well as comparisons with earlier findings. The results are expressed using a program created in MATLAB.
integral-differential equation, midpoint rules
A Multi-Center Analytical Study of Medical Lens Types in Myopia Based on Survey Data and Computational Analysis
Background: This study explores the optical properties of lenses used in vision correction, focusing covers the structure and function of the human eye, particularly the cornea and lens, retina, and optic nerve. It discusses common vision problems such as myopia (nearsightedness) and its correction using concave lenses. The study highlights the impact of optical properties, such as refraction and focal length, on vision improvement and examines the importance of selecting the appropriate lens type for treatment. Materials and Methods: The study examined 102 individuals, 82 of whom suffered from eye diseases. 51 individuals were diagnosed with myopia, ranging in age from under 18 to over 60 years, with most cases associated with astigmatism. Additionally, 20 individuals were diagnosed with hyperopia. There were 9 cases of eye inflammation, all among the elderly, and 2 cases of cataracts. Meanwhile, 20 individuals were healthy with no eye diseases. Diagnostic tools such as the Auto Refractor Keratometer, E Chart, and a trial lens set were used for examinations. Results: The results indicated that the 18-30 age group had the highest prevalence of myopia, while other age groups showed moderate infection rates. Some cases were associated with chronic diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. Regarding treatment methods, 10 individuals used contact lenses, 20 wore prescription glasses, 5 underwent eye surgery.
Laser-Matter Interaction in Liquids: Performance Evaluation and Limitations
Background Laser ablation in liquid (LAL) has developed into a multifaceted and effective method for nanoparticle production, material processing, and biomedical applications. This review critically examines the fundamental principles, mechanisms, and operational parameters influencing LAL outcomes. The technique offers several advantages, including the generation of ultrapure nanoparticles, precise control over particle size and composition, and the absence of chemical contaminants. Additionally, LAL enables in situ functionalization, making it highly desirable for advanced material synthesis. However, despite these benefits, the technique presents certain limitations, such as low production yield, high energy consumption, and challenges in achieving uniform particle size distribution. The complexity of the underlying physical and chemical interactions also poses difficulties in process optimization and reproducibility. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of LAL’s advantages and disadvantages, highlighting recent advancements and potential strategies for overcoming its limitations. Future research directions are also explored to enhance the efficiency and scalability of LAL for industrial applications.
Effect of Crude Oil on Seeds Germination, Some Morphological Parameters and Accumulation of Gossypium hirsutum and Zea mays
Background: This study investigated the effect of crude oil (six different concentrations) on seed germination of two plants (Zea mays and Gossipium hirsutum) and the growth of these plants when planted in oil-polluted soil. Total hydrocarbons were measured also. Materials: Six concentrations of crude oil were prepared (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, and 15)%, 10 seeds of both plants were put in petri dishes of each concentration with three replicates. 75 gm of petroleum were mixed with 1 kg of soil; 5 kg of polluted soil were put in pots underlined with aluminum foil; the pots were watered and left for 72 hrs. Then seeds are put in, and plants are harvested after two months. One gram of ground parts of the plant is taken, adding 10 ml of 1:1 solvent (ethanol/ chlorophorm) with shaking for 30 min. Optical density read on (520 nm) . Results: Results showed Z. mays seeds were less tolerant than those of G. hirsutum , the highest significant germination value was of 2.5 % for each plant while the lowest was for the concentration achieved when treated with 15 % for G. hirsutum and 12.5 % for Zea mays . that stem radius, leaf area, and height were significantly reduced as compared with the control. The results showed an accumulation of TH in the plants.
The Role of Complete Blood Count Test and General Urine Examination in Early Detection Of Risks And Diseases Affecting Women
A number of blood samples were collected from women in various locations across Babil Governorate. A Complete Blood Count (CBC) test was conducted to detect any general health issues these women might be experiencing. A table was prepared to investigate and assess the role or impact of blood analysis in determining their general health status. In addition to the blood test, a urine analysis was also conducted to provide a comprehensive understanding of each woman's health condition, including determining whether the woman is pregnant and identifying her age. The general appearance of the samples did not show the presence of blood or any abnormal features in terms of appearance. The results indicated that the Packed Cell Volume (PCV), which reflects the concentration of red blood cells, was generally low among all women who underwent the test. This provides an initial indication of potential anemia. Most samples showed normal red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts, although some women exhibited elevated WBC levels, likely due to the presence of infections. Platelet counts were within the normal range. In the general urine examination, the ketone levels in urine were measured and found to be within normal limits, indicating no significant issues. These levels depend on dietary patterns and hormonal changes, such as those caused by pregnancy. The number of pus cells and red blood cells in urine was also measured. The majority of samples showed elevated pus cell counts, suggesting urinary tract infections (UTIs), and elevated RBCs were also observed. However, most women did not show abnormalities related to urinary crystals or bacteria. Epithelial cells were also counted, and most samples showed elevated levels, which may indicate inflammation or infection in the urinary tract. The main issue addressed in this research is the general lack of attention to women's health until symptoms of a specific illness appear. In most cases, women only begin to prioritize their health after becoming pregnant, primarily for the well-being of the fetus. The study found that many women do not undergo regular check-ups and only begin health screenings—such as the complete blood count (CBC) test and urine analysis—after confirming pregnancy, in order to detect and prevent any potential health issues during pregnancy.
Efficacy of Selected Antibiotics Against Porphyromonas Gingivalis Isolated from Periodontal Infections: In Vitro Study
Background: Porphyromonas gingivalis is a key pathogen associated with periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the supporting structures of the teeth. Due to the rising resistance to conventional antimicrobial agents, P. gingivalis is resistant to many antibiotic treatments. The study aimed to describe in vitro susceptibility of P. gingivalis to 10 registered antibiotics. Materials and Methods: Bacterial samples were collected from patients diagnosed with periodontitis. The study was conducted in vitro using Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) including (Amoxicillin, Clindamycin, Penicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Nalidixic Acid, Amikacin, Imipenem, Gentamicin, Oxacillin, and Tetracycline) and was assessed using the disc diffusion method. Results: The sensitivity of 15 Porphyromonas gingivalis isolates to ten antibiotics was evaluated using the disk diffusion method. The results showed a clear variation in the response of the isolates to the antibiotics, with Imipenem and Tetracycline recording the highest mean inhibition zones respectively, indicating their high effectiveness against the studied isolates. In contrast, some antibiotics showed weak or no efficacy, such as penicillin and oxacillin, with most isolates showing complete resistance to them. These results reflect the widespread prevalence of acquired resistance mechanisms in P. gingivalis, particularly against traditional antibiotics such as penicillin. Conclusion: The widespread use of antibiotics has led to significant resistance in key periodontal pathogens, underscoring the importance of susceptibility testing and careful consideration of resistance profiles in clinical practice to optimize treatment strategies.
A Comprehensive Study on Prediction Providing Medicines Using Machine Learning
Providing medicines in the required quantities is a very influential point for healthcare institutions and the pharmaceutical industry. The challenge in the pharmaceutical sector is that some medicines can disappear due to side effects, while others appear as they were invented. Some medicines can also be improved, and the use of some medicines increases according to the season. These reasons combined make the prediction process complex. The current article reviews the importance of drug production management (predicting the required quantities with high accuracy), and the most important algorithms that have been employed in this field are also addressed, with a focus on improving accuracy and reducing the error value. Machine learning algorithms can play an influential role in the pharmaceutical industry and management. Improving accuracy depends largely on the availability of a data set specific to this field, which is a challenge as there is no link between diseases and their medicines, and there are some medicines that are used to treat more than one disease. The current article reviews the most important challenges facing researchers when working in this field. Background: The availability of medicines and medical supplies is a critical issue in healthcare institutions. This study highlights the importance of using artificial intelligence and machine learning to predict the quantities of medicines required to ensure accurate and appropriate supply. Deep learning algorithms can also be used to improve prediction accuracy. Materials and Methods: This study included collecting and analyzing previous studies on the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques and conducting a comprehensive study on the impact of using machine learning algorithms in predicting drug quantities and their impact on providing appropriate quantities. Results: After compiling and analyzing related works on predicting drug availability using artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques, the study concluded with a set of challenges facing this problem and how to address them. Conclusion: The field of pharmacy is currently considered an important field due to the rapid development of the pharmaceutical industry. The production and supply of medicines require large amounts of money. Therefore, with the rapid increase in medicine usage data, a set of references was reviewed that used data mining techniques and artificial intelligence algorithms that were trained on medicine and pharmaceutical industry data, where the focus was on improving accuracy and reducing the error value. Also, employing the capabilities of artificial intelligence and machine learning leads to improving medicine production in terms of providing accurate quantities. The increase in production leads to the product reaching its expiration date, while the decrease in production leads to the inability of pharmacies to provide the required treatments, and in both cases, it leads to harm to human life. Future work may be to determine the side effects of medicines through patient experiences, and the effectiveness of medicines can be evaluated through clinical trials and patient ratings of medicines.
Innovations in the Treatment of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Infections: From Drugs to Alternative Approaches
Infections resulting from antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) represent a major global health concern of our era. Alongside the development of novel antibiotics, the identification of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and the exploration of alternatives to current medications present viable strategies to address antibiotic resistance. This analysis consolidates the most promising solutions for combating ARB that are currently in development. These strategies encompass: (a) the discovery of novel antibiotics through the modification of existing compounds; (b) the enhancement of the efficacy of current antibiotics via metabolic stimulation or the implementation of advanced delivery systems; and (c) the emergence of novel alternatives to traditional antibiotics includes bacteriophages and endolysins, anti-biofilm compounds, probiotics, nanomaterials, vaccines, and antibody-based therapies. Preclinical and clinical investigations indicate that these treatments possess significant potential against antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Certain ARB items are anticipated to be commercially accessible in the imminent future.
Virulence Mechanisms of Porphyromonas gingivalis: Gingipains and Beyond– A review
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a key pathogen strongly implicated in the onset and progression of periodontitis. The virulence of this bacterium consists of a number of modern methods, and thus it protects itself from the immunity of the organism it infects, causing damage to tissues and colonizing the oral cavity. Gingipains, a virulence factors for these bacteria, include cysteine enzymes RgpA, RgpB, and Kgp. They degrade proteins of the host organism, enabling the bacteria to easily escape the host's immune defense mechanisms. Other virulence factors include fimbriae, capsule, outer membrane vesicles and lipopolysaccharides, Which enable bacteria to adhere to, invade, and destroy living tissue. Periodontal bacteria cause gingivitis because of their ability to disrupt the bacterial balance. These bacteria can exist and adapt within living cells, thereby causing disease. Understanding their virulence strategies and mechanisms is essential to developing treatments to eliminate or control diseases caused by gingival bacteria. This review will address the virulence factors of periodontal bacteria, their mechanism of action, and the damage they cause to oral tissues during and after infection.
Organizational climate and its role in promoting organizational citizenship behaviors A case study of the University of Babylon Presidency
The organizational climate is expressed through Android, which has diversified the internal work environment, which is directed by the workers to cooperate with the internal work environment of the organization, which is a result of the work policies and systems that were organized for the direction and philosophy of the top management. In it. The importance of the research lies in identifying the nature of the organizational climate in any institution that helps and contributes to providing a suitable work environment, and the aim of the research is to identify the role of the organizational climate in its following dimensions:)Organizational structure/communication style/leadership style/decision making/nature of work) As an independent variable and organizational citizenship with its dimensions (altruism/politeness/balance and compliance/sportsmanship/civilized behavior) As a dependent variable, the University of Babylon was chosen as a field community for the research. The size of the community was (202) teachers to apply the research frameworks, and the sample size was (133) teachers. The questionnaire was distributed to them. The research hypotheses were tested and analyzed using the ready-made software package (SPSS V.27). I have reached the conclusion that the study sample tends to engage in voluntary behaviors that fall within what is known as organizational citizenship behavior at a high level. Through this study, it became clear that organizational citizenship behavior has an effective role in achieving organizational effectiveness through the positive effects it leaves behind. This calls for strengthening such behaviors in institutions in general and the university institution in particular for the growth, development and success of the educational process.
Testing the Therapeutic Role of the Crude Alcohol Extract of the Onopordium acanthium Plant on Induced Eczema in White Rats
Background: The study examined the efficacy of the alcoholic extract of the plant Onopordium acanthium on acetone-induced eczema in white rats (Rattus norvegicus). The research aimed to investigate therapeutic alternatives for patients with chronic skin eczema, as the drugs currently used are associated with side effects that can be more severe than the disease itself. Materials and Methods: In the experiment, 40 male rats were used and divided into four groups, each consisting of 10 animals. The experiment lasted for 18 days, and the test was conducted on the animal's ear. The first group received distilled water, while the second group was treated with 5% acetone to induce eczema. The third and fourth groups were treated with the plant's alcoholic extract at concentrations of 100 µg/mL and 200 µg/mL, respectively, in addition to acetone as a control treatment group. Results: The results indicated a significant change (P ≤ 0.05) in skin thickness in the second group compared to the control group. It was also observed that there was a change in skin colour, losing its natural rosy hue and developing cracks with dryness. While there were no statistically significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in the third and fourth groups that received the extract at concentrations of 100 and 200 µg/ml, with redness remaining, the dryness and skin cracks were less pronounced compared to the second group treated with acetone alone. While the change in ear weight showed negligible differences in the first group (control), statistically significant differences were observed in the second group. The third and fourth groups did not show any differences in ear weights when compared to the control. Conclusion: The thistle plant Onopordium acanthium is a medicinal plant that contains antioxidant compounds and exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, primarily in the treatment of skin diseases such as eczema. It helps reduce damage to the skin barrier and accelerates its repair. There is no significant toxicity of the plant towards skin cells at the applied concentration levels.
Modified Iterative Method for Multiple Roots
Boole's rule and Weddle's rule modified quadrature iterated techniques are provided in this study for locating multiple non-linear equations' roots, the suggested approaches converged cubically, Newton's approach was used for discovering numerous nonlinear equation roots. Several modifications have been made to achieve a higher degree of convergence. The modified classical methods developed by many authors to solve multiple roots of nonlinear equations have been effective in overcoming the deficiency of the classical Newton Raphson method, however there are new trends of methods proposed by authors, which have proven to be more efficient than some already existing ones. There are several numerical examples that support the suggested technique's justification as an evaluation of the Newton-Raphson method and Simpson's approach, Maple 18 is used to investigate numerical result representations of modified quadrature iterative Algorithms. The result from numerical findings is that the presented modified quadrature iterated techniques for finding multiple roots of non-linear equations outperform existing approaches in terms of performance; these methods were programmed by using software Maple. Background: Nonlinear equations with multiple roots are challenging to solve accurately using classical Newton’s method due to its slow convergence in such cases. This limitation motivates the development of improved iterative methods that offer faster and more reliable convergence. These enhanced techniques aim to overcome the shortcomings of traditional approaches. Results: This study developed enhanced iterative methods to improve Newton’s method for solving equations with multiple roots. The new techniques proved to be accurate, fast, and reliable through various practical tests. Using Maple 18 for implementation, these methods demonstrated strong performance compared to existing approaches. Conclusion This work presented improved iterative methods that make Newton’s technique more effective for equations with multiple roots. Through several practical tests, the new methods proved to be accurate, fast, and reliable. Built and tested using Maple 18, they held up well against other well-known approaches
Detection of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Urinary Tract Infection in Selected Baghdad Hospitals
Background Urinary tract infections (UTIs) represent a significant portion of bacterial infections in clinical practice, and their complexity has recently been exacerbated by the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. The production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) is a common resistance mechanism, reducing the effectiveness of first-line antibiotics and posing a significant challenge to infection management in hospitals and communities, particularly in developing regions. Objective This study aimed to determine the frequency of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae causing urinary tract infections and evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of these pathogens. Methods Results Of the 224 isolates, 182 (81.25%) were Escherichia coli and 42 (18.75%) were Klebsiella pneumoniae. Among the ESBL producers, 105 (57.69%) were E. coli, and 12 (28.57%) were K. pneumoniae isolates. Resistance of these isolates was significantly high to cephalosporins and penicillin derivatives, whereas most isolates remained sensitive to amikacin and imipenem. There were no significant associations between enzyme production and patient age or sex, but differences in resistance profiles between species and enzyme production status were recorded. Conclusion The study demonstrates a high prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing bacteria in UTIs, particularly among E. coli isolates. These bacteria exhibit alarming resistance to common antibiotics, necessitating routine screening and cautious use of antibiotics to prevent the spread of resistance.
Phytochemical Content of Figs (Ficus carica L ) and Their Therapeutic Effects as Anticancer and Antioxidant Agents
ABSTRACT Medical science is constantly searching for bioactive compounds derived from sustainable natural sources with therapeutic and preventive impact. The main goal of this article is to shine a light on the biological activities of fig (Ficus carica L.) extract and latex, as most studies focused on the health benefits of fig fruits. This work also aims to identify the potential of fig (either extracts or latex) in the treatment or prevention of various diseases. Especially since fig latex or extract has numerous biological activities, such as antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anticancer properties.
Medical emergencies in dental clinics can occur unexpectedly and encompass a range of conditions, from respiratory and cardiovascular issues to allergic reactions and neurological disorders. Dentists must be well prepared through training and continuous education to handle these emergencies promptly. Most emergencies were prevented via ideal examination of the patient and analysis of past medical history. With careful planning of emergency protocol with team approach and specialized theoretical and practical training, and many emergency conditions can be prevented; can help mitigate risks, ensuring a swift and efficient response to safeguard patient health. Medical emergencies can be happening unsuspectedly during dental treatment so patient’s life may depend on the readiness, good staff-skill training and accessibility of suitable emergency medication and tools all of which are vital for the emergency management. Most emergencies are prevented via ideal examination of the patient and analysis of past medical history.
A Bernstein Operational Matrix Approach for Solving Certain Nonlinear Volterra-Fredholm Integro-Differential Equations Involved by Caputo Fractional Derivative
Background: In this article, we present a numerical method that applies the Bernstein polynomial approach in matrix form to solve non-linear integro-fractional differential equations of the Volterra-Fredholm type (NIFDEs of V-F) that involve the Caputo fractional derivative with mixed conditions. Materials and Methods: The primary objective of the method is to convert the nonlinear functional equation and its associated conditions into matrix relations using normal and fractional Bernstein polynomials. using a strategy like Newton's method and obtaining the Bernstein coefficients. Results: This approach is appealing for computation, and examples and explanations of its use are given. Illustrative examples are used to show the method's correctness and efficiency, and the methodology is validated by comparing the approximate results with exact or reference solutions. Conclusion: A table compares both exact and approximate solutions. They also use the least-squares error technique to decrease error terms in the specified domain. As a result, the majority of general codes are written in Python.
Fredholm-Volterra integro-differential equations
Hammerstein type Caputo fractional derivative